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Astrocaryum standleyanum
''Astrocaryum standleyanum'' is a species of palm known by many common names, including black palm, ''chonta'', ''chontadura'', ''coquillo'', ''palma negra'',〔(''Astrocaryum standleyanum'' L.H. Bailey. ) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Herbarium.〕 ''pejibaye de montaña'',〔Gargiullo, M., et al. ''A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica''. Oxford University Press. 2008. pg. 3.〕 ''güerre'', ''güérregue'', ''güinul'', ''mocora'', ''pucaishchi'' (Chachi),〔Pedersen, H. B. (1994). (Mocora palm-fibers: Use and management of ''Astrocaryum standleyanum'' (Arecaceae) in Ecuador. ) ''Economic Botany'' 48(3) 310-25.〕 and ''chunga'' (Emberá).〔Macko, A. (2012). (Need versus availability of the ''Astrocaryum standleyanum'' palm and strategies for future sustainable management in the Ipeti Embera territory, eastern Panama. ) SIT Graduate Institute Independent Study Project Collection. Paper 1322.〕 It is native to Central and South America, where its distribution extends from Nicaragua to Ecuador.〔('Astrocaryum standleyanum''. ) Germplasm Resources Information Network.〕 It is most common in central Panama, even becoming "abundant" in the tropical forests around the Panama Canal, but in general it is not a common plant.〔Condit, R., et al. ''Trees of Panama and Costa Rica''. Princeton University Press. 2010. pg. 78.〕
==Description==
This palm grows to up 15〔Leigh, E. G., Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. ''Tropical Forest Ecology: A View from Barro Colorado Island.'' Oxford University Press. 1999. pg. 17-18.〕 to 20 meters tall.〔 The trunk diameter is up to 18〔 to 25 centimeters.〔 It is covered densely in sharp, flattened black spines up to 20 centimeters long. The leaf stalks and leaf edges〔 and the peduncles bearing the fruit clusters have smaller spines.〔 One plant is topped with about 15 mature leaves at a time.〔 The pinnate frond is up to 4 meters long〔 and typically palm-like in appearance. It has many leaflets arranged irregularly, clustered and angled.〔 The underside is glaucous.〔 A mature, expanded leaf lasts for about 4.5 years, and the plant grows 3 to 5 new leaves per year. The trunk is patterned with the marks of leaves that have fallen away. The spines are distributed between these leaf scars on the trunk.〔 The plant becomes reproductively mature at 9 to 10 years of age.〔 Flowering occurs during the rainy season.〔〔 The inflorescence of tiny white flowers grows upright, then bends and hangs as the fruits develop.〔 The fruiting season is in March through June, during which time a mature plant produces about 6 clusters of fruit. The cluster is a hanging spadix, which contains about 500 fruits in optimal conditions. In leaner times a spadix might have only 100 or so. The fruit is made up of a seed up to 3 centimeters wide coated in pulpy, orange flesh. One fruit weighs about 25 grams.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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